SV gratefully acknowledges the financial support from EQUALSEA (Transformative adaptation towards ocean equity) project, under the European Horizon 2020 Program, ERC Consolidator (Grant Agreement # 101002784) funded by the European Research Council. He also acknowledges the support of the Earth Commission and Future Earth. AO-A was supported by a Ramon y Cajal grant funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (RyC2023-043454-I). This work contributes to the IMEDEA’s ‘Center of Excellence’ Maria de Maetzu (CEX2021-001198). This work contributes to the ICM “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2024-001494-S funded by AEI 10.13039/501100011033