This study was supported by the projects CHALLENGE (PID2019-107979RB-100 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and CHALLENGE-2 (PID2022-141628NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF, EU) led by CA. TA-G was financed by a Severo Ochoa FPI predoctoral grant (PRE2020-096185) of the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) of Barcelona. TA-G and BF acknowledge the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). BF has received funding from a Ramón y Cajal grant (RYC2022-036268-I) funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FSE+ and from the MedCalRes project Grant PID2021-125323OAI00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’. PB-C was supported by a Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellowship. BF is part of the Marine Conservation research group funded by Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 01073). CA is part of the Marine Biodiversity and Evolution research group funded by Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 01271)