igualdad

Femicide, defined as the gender-based murder of women, remains one of the most extreme forms of violence. In 2023, it is estimated that approximately 85,000 women and girls were murdered in the world and of these, 60% died at the hands of intimate partners or family members, which is equivalent to 140 victims per day in their immediate environment. According to the United Nations (UN), femicide occurs in a context of inequality, discrimination and asymmetrical power relations between men and women.

However, the above figures are an estimate, since obtaining data on this subject is not easy and involves a series of challenges. In this article we are going to comment on these challenges, and present examples and good practices of citizen associations that work to promote their quality and quantity.

Challenges in collecting data on femicides

The international comparison of femicide mainly faces two major issues: the absence of a common definition and the lack of standardization.

1. Absence of a common definition

There are important legal and conceptual differences between countries in terms of the definition of femicide. In Latin America, many countries have incorporated femicide as a specific crime, although with substantial variations in the legal criteria and in the breadth of the definition. In contrast, in Europe there is still no homogeneous definition of femicide, as underlined by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). In many cases, gender-based killings of women are recorded as general homicides or domestic violence, making the phenomenon invisible and making international comparison difficult.

This absence of a common legal and conceptual definition prevents direct comparison of figures as well as regional analysis.  In addition, the lack of methodological homogeneity causes femicide figures to be diluted among those of general homicides, underestimating the real magnitude of the problem and making it difficult to design effective public policies.

In this sense, an international effort is needed to standardize definitions. In this way, it will be possible to measure the true scope of the problem and combat it effectively.

2. Lack of standardization

The lack of standardization in data collection and publication generates profound differences in the availability, openness, and quality of information between countries. As in many other areas, open and standardized data on femicides could help to understand the phenomenon and facilitate the implementation of effective public policies. However, today there is disparity in data collection and publication.

Currently, the availability of data on femicide is uneven between countries. We find cases in which the data refer to different periods, or that present variations due to the different methodologies, definitions and sources:

• There are countries that offer data accessible through government platforms and/or official observatories. In these cases, the data come from public bodies such as ministries, national statistical institutes, gender-based violence observatories and supreme courts, which guarantees greater reliability and continuity in the publication of statistics, although their coverage and methodology vary widely.
• In other cases, the data are partial or come from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), independent observatories, journalistic and academic networks. These agencies usually resort to newspaper counts or media monitoring to complete institutional data. Multilateral organizations such as the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),  UN Women and European data journalism networks try to harmonize and compare figures, although they recognize the limitations derived from the diversity of definitions and methodologies.

This lack of a unified system generates the need for a triangulation of information and produces discrepancies in the reported figures. In addition, it makes it difficult to obtain a more complete view of the phenomenon.

Therefore, standardization in data collection is necessary  to provide reliable and comparable data to know the real magnitude of the problem, evaluate the effectiveness of public policies or design effective prevention strategies.

To these challenges, we should add:

• Lack of technological infrastructure: disconnected judicial and police systems generate duplication or omissions.
• Irregular updates: very few publish quarterly data, essential for preventive policies.

Examples of citizen initiatives that collect data on femicide

In order to respond to global problems, citizen and academic initiatives have emerged that build alternative databases, making gender violence visible. To this end, feminist organizations and activists have adopted technological tools to track femicides.

One example is the Data Against Feminicide (DAF), which equips activists with email alert systems based on machine learning algorithms. The platform develops machine learning algorithms that help scan more than 50,000 daily news sources in multiple languages to identify potential cases of femicide, prioritizing activists' regions of interest and allowing them to add local sources. Unlike generic systems, DAF's approach is collaborative: participants train algorithms, review results, and correct biases, including identifying transfemicides or interpreting biased language in the media. Thus, technology does not replace human analysis, but reduces the workload and allows efforts to be focused on the verification and contextualization of cases.

Although transparency and open data are a first step, citizen projects such as those supported by the DAF operate with additional criteria that enrich the results:

1. Data with memory: each record includes name, personal history and community context.
2. Radical transparency: they use open-source methodologies and tools.
3. Restorative justice: data feeds advocacy campaigns and accompaniment to families.

The DAF also highlights the need to protect and care for the people who collect this data, given the emotional impact of their work. Thus, the human and ethical dimension of work is also made visible with data on femicide.

Another example is Feminicidio Uruguay, which has documented cases since 2001 through press monitoring and collaboration with the Coordinator of Feminisms. Their key findings include that  78% of the aggressors were known to the victim; that 42% of femicides occurred in the home, and that only  15% of the victims had made a previous complaint. This project inspired the creation of the National Registry of Femicides of the Argentine Justice, which since 2017 has published annual open data with details of victims, aggressors and context of the cases.

In addition to country initiatives, we also find supranational initiatives that seek to unify data in various regions. Initiatives such as the Regional Femicide Data Standard (ILDA) seek to overcome these barriers by:

• Unified collection protocols.
• Collaborative technical training platforms.
• Intergovernmental partnerships for legal validation.

The case of Spain

In view of this international situation, Spain is presented as a pioneering case in the field. Since 2022, all types of femicides have been officially counted, not only those committed by partners or ex-partners, but also family, sexual, social and vicarious ones. The main Spanish portal for statistical data on femicide is the statistical portal of the Government Delegation against Gender Violence, available on a dedicated website . This space brings together official data on femicides and gender-based violence, allowing information to be consulted, cross-referenced and downloaded in different formats, and is the institutional reference for the monitoring and analysis of these crimes in Spain. This new methodology responds to compliance with the Istanbul Convention and seeks to reflect the totality of extreme violence against women.

Collaboration with civil society and experts has been key to defining typologies and improving the quality and openness of the data. Citizen access is widespread, and data is disseminated in reports, datasets, and public bulletins.

Conclusion

In short, the opening and standardization of data on femicide are not only technical tools, but also acts of justice and collective memory. Where States work with civil society, data is more complete, transparent and useful for prevention and accountability. However, the persistence of gaps and disparate methodologies in many countries continue to hinder an effective global response to femicide. Overcoming these challenges requires strengthening international collaboration, adopting common standards, and ensuring the participation of those who document and accompany victims. Only in this way can data transform outrage into action and contribute to eradicating one of the most extreme forms of gender-based violence.

Content created by Miren Gutiérrez, PhD and researcher at the University of Deusto, expert in data activism, data justice, data literacy, and gender disinformation. The content and views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author.

Today, data drives the world. It conditions public policies, the behaviour of algorithms and the decision-making of many companies. That is why it is important to have figures that correctly represent reality, i.e. that take into account all variables, including gender.

Thais Ruiz de Alda is founder and CEO of Digital Fems, an entity that designs projects to increase the presence of women in technological environments. In addition to consultancy tasks and the design of equality policies, Digital Fems carries out projects based on data science with a gender perspective. In this interview, Thais talks about the current situation and the challenges in this field (video only available in Spanish).

Full interview:

1. Why is it important to have gender-sensitive data?

Gender-sensitive data is a tool to measure various aspects, in a differentiated way between men and women, between different sexes.

It also serves to measure reality in terms of gender identity, if information is available.  Finally, there are subjects, areas of data processing, where it is essential to include intersectional perspectives, such as gender or origin. For example, when data is collected on the use of health services, we can see differentiated effects depending on whether the patients are of different sexes, or for example in the use of public transport, it is important to identify the sex of the person using the service, in order to design a service in accordance with the needs of the passengers: space for breastfeeding, space for carrying children, safety and avoidance of sexual harassment or other types of aggression. The problem we still have today is the lack or non-existence of this type of data. The famous gender data gap. That is why many organisations say that without data with a gender perspective, equality is not possible. Without GenderData , equality is not.

2. What is the current status of this type of data? You indicate that there is a gender gap in the data…

There is a tremendous gender gap in data. In general, and since the era of open government began in 2007, public administrations have been the ones that started opening data. This makes sense, given that administrations have been the generators of official statistics and the owners and guardians of some of the data that citizens create through the use of public services. According to the United Nations, by December 2020, we had only 39% of the gender-sensitive data we need to monitor the SDGs. So, from the public authorities' side, we still have some way to go. I think the future outlook for this kind of data is positively good, because we are on the right track, making progress in creating this kind of data. This is where we can say that, in parallel, there are civil society organisations that are also working on the generation of gender-sensitive data. Many women's organisations have realised the need to create and collect this data in order to alleviate this gap. In fact, right now, civil society organisations are the ones that should be pushing and lobbying to show the value of this type of data and pushing for public authorities to generate it. Now we need other stakeholders such as companies or academic environments to prioritise this need and generate data with a gender perspective in order to understand issues that affect men and women differently. The topic could be the subject of a doctoral thesis... but in short, the first stumbling block to be resolved is to produce data with this perspective, which has been ignored, and once we have these data, we will be able to read reality, measure it and draw conclusions that will allow us to make decisions with much greater precision.

According to the United Nations, by December 2020, we had only 39% of the gender-sensitive data we need to monitor the SDGs

3. Digital Fems, together with other organisations, has set up GenderDataLab.org, a repository of open data with a gender perspective. What kind of information can users find there? What are the challenges you have encountered in collecting and making this kind of data public?

Genderdatalab is a recently created space for experimentation and publication of datasets with a gender perspective, where visitors can choose to:

• Learn through articles, recommendations, guides or best practices and information collected on the discipline of data with a gender perspective. It is a space of common use because after registering, users can create datasets and publish them, with open licenses to publish their study reports, etc.
• Register and publish datasets; it is a space of common use because after registering, users can create and publish datasets, with open licenses to publish their study reports, etc.
• Download or use the API of the datasets, or simply visit the datasets and visualise them... 

Despite our "youth" we have had diverse experiences: we have convinced organisations to publish their data, which contained the gender perspective, in open format and they have had some fears that open data is susceptible to manipulation. Therefore, we have evangelised about open data to non-digitised communities. On the other hand, we have seen how, on the contrary, organisations that wanted to publish gender-inclusive reports, opened up to do so, and asked us for help and support in implementation. We have also detected some fears in the use of the platform, i.e. resistance to publish datasets for "fear" that they are not well designed, etc. and that is why we are now going to publish mini training courses to familiarise users with the functionalities of the platform, as well as with the contents and encourage the members of the platform, which already has a few hundred people registered.

4. One of the areas where data can also help us is in the fight against gender violence. This is the field of work of your project DatosContraelRuido.org, where you use Big Data techniques to analyse thousands of data files on the subject. How have you developed the project and what has been its impact?

The DatosContraElRuido.org project was the first project that we launched at Digitalfems in terms of gender data activism. We developed the project so that, through the application of our methodology, complex legal concepts could be understood in data visualisations, processed and analysed from a gender perspective, which could explain the presence of male violence in Spain, or the typology of violence that is exercised with the data that the Ministry of Justice and the General Council of the Judiciary publish.  With all these thousands of lines of information, we have been able to create an understandable story for ordinary people, and to design communication campaigns that allow us to understand the dimension of male violence.

Each time we publish an update of the data, we achieve a relatively important media impact, which has allowed us to be invited to many forums, especially in the context of male violence, to explain three issues:

1. Creating technology or technological solutions with a gender perspective helps to broaden the field of vision of the problems. We need more women technologists who can address social issues.
2. GenderData is a discipline of data science that is not only concerned with data collection, but also applies to the way data is structured and processed for analysis. 
3. All data can be downloaded from GenderDataLab.org so that anyone can in turn process the data and expand the scope of analysis.

The social impact we are aiming for is to clarify the high prevalence of male violence, based on official, undeniable data.... and to raise social awareness about it. For us, DatosContraelRuido.org is an open and accessible tool for society to know the reality of a type of violence that needs to be spoken out loud and clear. If drugs, traffic accidents and public safety are areas of public interest, so too is the violence that some men inflict on women. Seventy per cent of complaints are filed away...

DatosContraelRuido makes it possible to understand complex legal concepts in data visualisations, processed and analysed from a gender perspective. The aim is to explain the presence of male violence in Spain, or the typology of violence that is exercised with the data published by the Ministry of Justice and the General Council of the Judiciary.

5. In your opinion, what should be the strategic actions to generate gender-sensitive data from an institutional perspective?

We live in data-driven societies, and we are getting more and more... so it would make perfect sense to take into account the different tools, methodologies and processes that help to generate the best possible quality data. Here it is very clear that we need an action plan to make this possible.

First and foremost, training must be provided to individuals, departments and teams responsible for maintaining datasets or with the potential to create datasets within the public administration. It is necessary to invest in training the people who manage data generation. In fact, it is a "leg" of what is meant by digitising or digitally transforming public administration.

The second is to promote the creation of this type of data through administrative instruments. For example, the European Commission announced in 2020 that beneficiaries of its research grants would have to incorporate sex and gender analysis in the design of their studies, probably due to the experience of COVID-19 and vaccines.

The third is to raise awareness of this new discipline, and the benefits it would bring, but this without the other actions is useless. And most importantly, without budgets to incentivise change or put in place elements of innovation, we do nothing....

First and foremost, training must be provided to individuals, departments and teams responsible for maintaining datasets or with the potential to create datasets within the public administration.

6. Although it is a sector in constant growth, women are still a minority in work environments linked to the technological field. What are the reasons behind this situation? What measures should be taken to change it?

It is complex because this reality is found all over the planet, countries and territories. One of the strongest reasons is that there is a strong presence of gender stereotypes about "technology". There are many, many studies that show how even from an early age, girls and boys associate technology with masculine skills. Let's be aware that in the cradle of tech culture, Silicon Valley, there is a term that is constantly used to define traits of corporate cultures: Brogrammer, a fusion between brother and programmer.

Stereotypes operate invisibly, and are one of the reasons why there are no women university students in specific engineering-related fields, and therefore there are also  low rates into professional environments. It is said that women represent approximately 30% of the total number of employees in the tech sector, in a sector whose growth rate is 10% per year, vs. 0.4%, which is the rate of growth of the employment rate in the Eurozone. So the recruitment rate of female technologists is low because there are few of them, but this rate continues to fall as careers develop and the retention of female talent is an unresolved issue in the tech sector.

The solution to this is complex, because it implies that on the one hand, public policies must be activated to generate actions that promote a greater female presence. For example, Barcelona City Council has been a pioneer in regulating and setting criteria and means to change the trend of the sector (the government measure is called BcnFemTech). On the other hand, corporate policies must also and above all be activated among the companies that form part of the sector through the creation of measures that encourage the entry of more women, and the retention of this talent, which also has a direct impact on the company's profits: the more diverse people who design software, the better and more effective it will be, as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation says.

The recruitment rate of female technologists is low because there are few of them, but it is also because this rate continues to fall as careers develop and the retention of female talent is a pending issue in the tech sector.

7. Can you tell us about Digital Fems' next lines of work in the field of open data?

Well, we continue to work with data from some of the organisations we collaborate with, for example with CIMA, where we follow up on their reports on the presence of women in film, and we monitor the evolution of the number of women working in the industry, directing films or scriptwriting them, and we calculate the gender gap. We are also going to publish openly two works we have done this year: a survey of companies based in Catalonia about women's roles and tasks in technological environments, and a report and dataset about women in tech environments in Spain. We are very happy because these two reports will shed light on the reality of women technologists in Spain. By the last quarter of 2022 we will probably be working on a data and music project as well, through EllesMusic: the music sector works with non-standardised metadata, and gender should be incorporated as an element of metadata.

Today, 8 March is the day on which we commemorate women's struggle to achieve their full participation in society, as well as giving visibility to the current gender inequality and demanding global action for effective equality of rights in all areas.

However, the data seem to indicate that we still have some way to go in this respect. 70% of the 1.3 billion people living in poverty are women. Women predominate in global food production (up to 80% in some areas), but own less than 10% of the land. Eighty per cent of people displaced by disasters and climate-related changes worldwide are women and girls. And the situation for women has only worsened due to the pandemic, causing the estimate of the time needed to close the current gender gap to now grow to more than 135 years.

The importance of data in the fight for equality

It is therefore a fact that women have fallen behind on many of the sustainable development indicators, an inequality that is also being replicated in the digital world - and even amplified through the increasing use of algorithms that lack the necessary training data to be representative of women's reality. But it is also a fact that we do not even have all the data we need to know with certainty where we stand on a large number of key indicators.

There is a widespread shortage of gender data that cuts across all economic and social sectors. The World Bank, the European Union, the OECD, the United Nations, UNICEF, the ITU or the IMF - more and more international bodies are making their own particular efforts to compile their own gender databases. However, indicators are still lacking in many key areas, in addition to other important gaps in the quality of existing data that are often incomplete or outdated.

This lack of data is something that can be particularly problematic when it comes to such sensitive issues as gender-based violence - an area where we are fortunately seeing more and more data globally, including some great and encouraging examples such as the ILDA-led femicide data initiative. This is a very important step forward because it is even more difficult to improve when we don't even know what the current situation is. Data, and the governance policies we create to manage it, can also be sexist.

Data are tools for making better decisions and better policies. They allow us to set goals and measure our progress. Data has therefore become an indispensable tool for creating social impact in communities. This is why the lack of data on the lives of women and girls is so damaging.

Addressing the gender gap through data

In seeking solutions to this problem, and thus working for gender equality also through data, it is crucial that we involve the protagonists and give them a voice. In this way, through their own experiences, we can develop more inclusive processes for data collection, analysis and publication. We will then be in a much better position to use data as an inclusive tool to address gender equality. Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein's excellent Data Feminism Handbook provides a set of strategies and principles to guide us in doing this:

1. Examining power - Data feminism begins by looking at how power operates in the world.
2. Challenging power - We must commit to challenging power structures when they are unequal and working for equity.
3. Empowering emotions and embodiment - Data feminism teaches us to value multiple forms of knowledge, including that which comes from people.
4. Rethink binarisms and hierarchies - We must challenge gender binarism, as well as other systems of quantification and classification that could lead to various forms of marginalisation.
5. Embrace pluralism - The most complete knowledge emerges from synthesising multiple perspectives, prioritising local knowledge and experiences.
6. Consider context - Data are neither neutral nor objective. They are products of unequal social relations, and understanding that context will be essential to ethical and accurate analysis.
7. Make the work visible - The work of data science is the collaborative product of many people. All of this work must be made visible, so that it can be recognised and valued.

Nuestras opciones para contribuir a reducir la brecha de datos

In order to make progress in this fight for equality, we need much more gender-disaggregated data that adequately reflects the concerns of women and girls, their diversity and all aspects of their lives. We can and should all do our part in drawing attention to the disadvantages women face through data. Here are some tips:

• Start by always collecting and publishing data disaggregated by gender.
• Always use women as a reference group in our calculations when we are dealing with inequalities that affect them directly.
• Document the decisions we make and our methodologies in working with gender data, including any changes in our approaches over time and their justification.
• Always share raw and complete data in an open and reusable format. In this way, even if we have not focused on the challenges women face, at least others can do so using the same data.

Together we can make the invisible visible and finally ensure that every single woman and girl in the world is counted. The situation is urgent and now is the time to make a determined bid to close the data gap as a necessary tool to close the gender gap as well.

Content prepared by Carlos Iglesias, Open data Researcher and consultant, World Wide Web Foundation. The contents and views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author.

The government of the Canary Islands has initiated a project to address public policies on reconciliation and co-responsibility based on open data. Under the title of Open Data Canary Women, the objective is to raise awareness and improve gender equality, promoting the balance of work, family and leisure time, as well as the equitable distribution of public and private responsibilities between men and women.

This project consists of three actions:

1. Expedition:

The first phase, which took place in January 2019, consisted of a participatory event that brought together different profiles (both professionals and experts in the field and citizens interested in the subject) to explore and analyze the available data.

2. Visualization challenge:

The objective of this phase is to create a visualization based on open data that reflects a reality or problem for women equality, related to conciliation and co-responsibility. The visualization must include at least one dataset published by a public institution of the Canary Islands (Government of the Canary Islands, Istac, Cabildos, Town Councils, etc.). It should be noted that the submitted works must be under Creative Commons BY license.

​ Those who wish to participate must form groups of 3 to 5 people, where at least 50% of the participants are residents of the Canary Islands. It is not necessary to be an expert in data, because there will be free training related to data reuse and visualization and mentoring programs for participants who need it.

To participate it is necessary to register through the following form. The deadline for presentation of the visualizations is March 19. On March 21, the creators of each visualization will defend their work in front of a jury made up of experts. There will be simultaneous presentations in Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

3. Virtual exhibition:

The three best works will be exposed in the project Virtual Exhibition, a website that will serve to make public all the work done. In this way, they seek to bring the most relevant data to everyone who wants to consult them.

During 2018, a large number of acts and demonstrations that sought to promote gender equality have taken place. The feminist demonstrations of March 8 or the #metoo movement (which began at the end of 2017) highlighted the need to promote real equality in all society sectors.

Open data, just as it have contributed in other fields, such as health, tourism or entrepreneurship, can be a very useful tool to help achieve gender equality. But first it is necessary to overcome a series of challenges, such as:

• The existence of a gender gap in data: data disaggregated by sex allows us to understand if there are inequalities between people of different gender and make decisions that can help reduce those inequalities. However, there are still significant shortcomings in this type of data.
• Few women in open data ecosystem: As in other technological sectors, the number of women that participate in open data ecosystem is reduced. This means that their vision and concens are sometimes left out of the debate table. As an example, The Feminist Open Government Initiative was created to encourage governments and civil society to defend gender advances in a context of open government, but it is mainly managed by male members.

To solve these challenges, various groups of women have been created, such as Open Heroine, composed of more than 400 women worldwide working in the fields of open government, open data and civic technology. It is a virtual space where women can share their experiences and reflect on the challenges they face, as well as promote a higher presence of women in the open data discussion groups. This association was responsible for one of the pre-events held within the framework of the last International Open Data Conference. Through a "do-a-thon" format, they created working groups to try to solve challenges such as the prevention of femicides or the gender gap in data from Buenos Aires city.

In Spain, there are also organizations trying to boost the presence of women in these fields, but from a general point of view. For example, the project "I want to be an engineer", from the University of Granada, seeks to boost the presence of women in careers related to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). For this, they visit secondary education centers, and an Engineering Fair and a summer campus are held. It should be pointed out that, although women represent 54% of the Spanish university population, they only are 10% in ICT careers, according to Ministry of Education data.

Another example is the "Women and open data" space of Barcelona Open Data Initiative. This space shows visualizations as the result of 3 events organized by Barcelona Open Data to explore open data sources and solve social challenges related to women: Data X Women, Wiki-Data-Thon and Women Poverty and Precariousness Index. These visualizations allow us to see gender differences in areas such as home care and street maps in big cities such as Barcelona. They also promote the creation of digital solutions that facilitate the respond to these differences.

Women are 50% of society and they should be represented in all areas. Although its presence is increasing in the open data community (as Aporta Meeting showed), there is still work to be done: we need more gender data and more spaces to analyze and try to solve the women challenges using open data.

More than half of the world's population are women, who also play a key role in our society. For example, it is women who grow, produce and sell more than 90% of locally grown food. Paradoxically, these same women are beneficiaries of only 1% of agricultural loans and receive less than 1% of public contracts. One of the reasons for this growing discrimination is precisely the scarcity of the availability of the gender data required to adequately evaluate public policies and ensure that women are included and their particular needs taken into account.

As we see, far from taking advantage of the benefits promised by open data and appart from suffering the usual discrimination due to gender issues, women around the world are now also forced to live a new form of discrimination through the data: women have less online presence than men; they are generally less likely to be heard in the consultation and design phase of data policies; they are less valued in the rankings of data scientists and usually they do not even have representation in official statistics.

The goals defined through the Sustainable Development Goals include a specific objective to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women. However, even though we already have a great variety of data disaggregated by sex, a recent study by the United Nations has detected the existence of  important gender data gaps when dealing with these specific sources of discrimination in such relevant areas such as health, education, economic opportunities, political participation or even one's physical integrity.

Ending discrimination will be a much more difficult task if you do not even have the basic data necessary to understand the extent of the problem to solve it. Therefore, an important first step is to make the most of the already available data, but also be able to clearly visualize these deficiencies. Political commitment at the highest level is very high with initiatives such as the Global Data Alliance for Sustainable Development, the Open Data Charter or the African Consensus on Data, showing their explicit support for more inclusive data policies. Nevertheless, this commitment has not materialized, as even today only 13% of governments include in their budgets the regular collection of gender data.

In order to close this new digital gender gap, a new comprehensive approach will therefore be necessary to identify the necessary data, ensure that this data is collected and shared as open data, conduct training actions so the interested parties can understand and analyze these data by themselves and enable dialogue and participation mechanisms to ensure that public budgets adequately capture these needs.

In an increasingly digital world, without equality of data, we will not be able to understand the totality of the reality about women's life and well-being, nor reach true gender equality to make each and every one of women  be taken into account.