OCDE

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionised various aspects of society and our environment. With ever faster technological advances, AI is transforming the way daily tasks are performed in different sectors of the economy.   

As such, employment is one of the sectors where it is having the greatest impact. Among the main developments, this technology is introducing new professional profiles and modifying or transforming existing jobs. Against this backdrop, questions are being asked about the future of employment and how it will affect workers in the labour market.   

What are the key figures for AI in employment?  

The International Monetary Fund has recently pointed out: Artificial Intelligence will affect 40% of jobs worldwide, both replacing some and complementing and creating new ones.   

The irruption of AI in the world of work has made it easier for some tasks that previously required human intervention to be carried out more automatically. Moreover, as the same international organisation warns, compared to other automation processes experienced in past decades, the AI era is also transforming highly skilled jobs.  

The document also states that the impact of AI on the workplace will differ according to the country's level of development. It will be greater in the case of advanced economies, where up to 6 out of 10 jobs are expected to be conditioned by this technology. In the case of emerging economies, it will reach up to 40% and, in low-income countries, it will be reflected in 26% of jobs. For its part, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) also warns in its report ‘Generative AI and Jobs: A global analysis of potential effects on job quantity and quality’ that the effects of the arrival of AI in administrative positions will particularly affect women, due to the high rate of female employment in this labour sector.  

In the Spanish case, according to figures from last year, not only is the influence of AI on jobs observed, but also the difficulty of finding people with specialised training. According to the report on talent in artificial intelligence prepared by Indesia, last year 20% of job offers related to data and Artificial Intelligence were not filled due to a lack of professionals with specialisation. 

Future projections  

Although there are no reliable figures yet to see what the next few years will look like, some organisations, such as the OECD, say that we are still at an early stage in the development of AI in the labour market, but on the verge of a large-scale breakthrough. According to its ‘Employment Outlook 2023’ report, ‘business adoption of AI remains relatively low’, although it warns that ‘rapid advances, including in generative AI (e.g. ChatGPT), falling costs and the growing availability of AI-skilled workers suggest that OECD countries may be on the verge of an AI revolution’. It is worth noting that generative AI is one of the fields where open data is having a major impact. 

And what will happen in Spain? Perhaps it is still too early to point to very precise figures, but the report produced last year by Indesia already warned that Spanish industry will require more than 90,000 data and AI professionals by 2025. This same document also points out the challenges that Spanish companies will have to face, as globalisation and the intensification of remote work means that national companies are competing with international companies that also offer 100% remote employment, ‘with better salary conditions, more attractive and innovative projects and more challenging career plans’, says the report.   

What jobs is AI changing?  

Although one of the greatest fears of the arrival of this technology in the world of work is the destruction of jobs, the latest figures published by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) point to a much more promising scenario. Specifically, the ILO predicts that AI will complement jobs rather than destroy them.   

There is not much unanimity on which sectors will be most affected. In its report ‘The impact of AI on the workplace: Main findings from the OECD AI surveys of employers and workers', the OECD points out that manufacturing and finance are two of the areas most affected by the irruption of Artificial Intelligence.   

On the other hand, Randstad has recently published a report on the evolution of the last two years with a vision of the future until 2033. The document points out that the most affected sectors will be jobs linked to commerce, hospitality and transport. Among those jobs that will remain largely unaffected are agriculture, livestock and fishing, associative activities, extractive industries and construction. Finally, there is a third group, which includes employment sectors in which new profiles will be created. In this case, we find programming and consultancy companies, scientific and technical companies, telecommunications and the media and publications. 

Beyond software developers, the new jobs that artificial intelligence is bringing will include everything from natural language processing experts or AI Prompt engineers (experts in asking the questions needed to get generative AI applications to deliver a specific result) to algorithm auditors or even artists.  

Ultimately, while it is too early to say exactly which types of jobs are most affected, organisations point to one thing: the greater the likelihood of automation of job-related processes, the greater the impact of AI in transforming or modifying that job profile.   

The challenges of AI in the labour market  

One of the bodies that has done most research on the challenges and impacts of AI on employment is the ILO. At the level of needs, the ILO points to the need to design policies that support an orderly, just and consultative transition. To this end, it notes that workers' voice, training and adequate social protection will be key to managing the transition. ‘Otherwise, there is a risk that only a few countries and well-prepared market participants will benefit from the new technology,’ it warns.  

For its part, the OECD outlines a series of recommendations for governments to accommodate this new employment reality, including the need to: 

• Establish concrete policies to ensure the implementation of key principles for the reliable use of AI. Through the implementation of these mechanisms, the OECD believes that the benefits that AI can bring to the workplace are harnessed, while at the same time addressing potential risks to fundamental rights and workers' well-being.   

• Create new skills, while others will change or become obsolete. To this end, he points to training, which is needed ‘both for the low-skilled and older workers, but also for the high-skilled’. Therefore, ‘governments should encourage business to provide more training, integrate AI skills into education and support diversity in the AI workforce’.   

In summary, although the figures do not yet allow us to see the full picture, several international organisations do agree that the AI revolution is coming. They also point to the need to adapt to this new scenario through internal training in companies to be able to cope with the needs posed by the technology. Finally, in governmental matters, organisations such as the ILO point out that it is necessary to ensure that the transition in the technological revolution is fair and within the margins of reliable uses of Artificial Intelligence. 

Spain continues to make progress in open data. This is corroborated by the latest edition of the Open, Useful and Re-usable data Index, also known as OURdata Index. This report is prepared periodically by the OECD to evaluate the efforts made by different governments in designing and implementing national open data policies. 

First launched in 2015, the Index had two subsequent editions published in 2017 and 2019. In this fourth edition, there has been a change in methodology, which does not make it possible to compare the results with those of previous editions.  

To conduct the analysis, data was collected regarding the policies carried out by 40 countries in the 2020-2021 period. This is a period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused an exceptional situation worldwide and highlighted the need for governments to ensure access to high quality data, to build resilience and facilitate joint societal responses to a crisis.  

The final report will be published during the second quarter of 2024. However, the OECD has released a summary of some of the main conclusions of the study.   

Spain is among the world leaders  

According to the study, Spain ranks fifth in terms of open data, behind only South Korea, France, Poland and Estonia, as shown in the following graph. 

The report assesses three pillars and nine sub-pillars, all of which have the same value in the final score:  

• Data availability: this indicator measures the extent to which governments have adopted and implemented formal requirements for open data publication. It also assesses whether the different actors involved in the data publication process (stakeholders) are carrying out some work to identify the demand for data in general and the availability of high-value datasets in particular. In this regard, it should be noted that, although the report speaks of high value datasets, this is not the same concept of high value data as that used by the EU. In the case of the OECD, other high-impact categories such as health, education, crime and justice or public finances, among others, are also taken into account. Details of the categories taken into account are given in the annex to the report. 

• Data accessibility: This indicator assesses whether high-value government datasets are provided in open and reusable formats, updated, with good metadata quality and through application programming interfaces (APIs). It also discusses the involvement of different stakeholders in the central open data portal and in improving data quality. 

• Government support for data reuse: this indicator looks at the extent to which governments play a proactive role in promoting the reuse of open public data, both within and outside the administration. 

Considering these indicators, Spain is in the group of "leading countries". These countries demonstrate a comprehensive approach to open data initiatives and, in general, perform well in all aspects. In the specific case of Spain, it stands out when it comes to promoting the reuse of data, where it is in second place. It has been taken into account how the governmental sphere makes companies and civil society aware of the opportunities offered by open public data, participating in associations and co-creation events to stimulate the reuse of data. It also highlights the availability of awareness-raising and training initiatives for public officials on open data publication, analysis and reuse, as well as efforts to carry out impact assessments of open public data and the presentation of examples of reuse.  

On the other hand, it ranks eleventh in data accessibility in general, although it rises to sixth if we talk about high-value data. Finally, we rank sixth in terms of accessibility.

General conclusions  

The report includes a number of general findings from all countries. According to the study, only 48% of high-value datasets are available as open data in OECD countries. Although the COVID-19 pandemic positively influenced the publication of open health data, only 43% of datasets in this category are currently available. Collaboration between public and private healthcare actors is therefore encouraged to promote the publication of these data systematically at the national level.   

The results also indicate that countries should prioritize the publication of open data in areas such as public procurement, public budgets and lobbying, as well as boosting those related to the green agenda, highlighting those related to Earth observation, environmental and meteorological data. In addition, consideration should be given to making company registries and company ownership data available to all citizens as open data.   

On the opposite side of the scale, there is a large availability of statistical and geospatial data. 

Overall, OECD countries have improved the quality of open government data, an important issue that also affects recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI). The evolving landscape of AI applications makes it necessary to ensure data quality, paying particular attention to metadata quality and access through APIs.  

Ultimately, the report highlights the importance of open public data for democracy in the digital age, as well as in driving innovation in both the public and private sectors. 

The OECD's work on open data began in 2013, but has steadily expanded to reflect its growing importance in member and partner countries. The OECD sees open data as a key asset for economic development, digital innovation and good governance, while always paying special attention to privacy, transparency and ethics. 

The OECD includes the need to create a culture based on data as one of the principles needed to promote the digital transformation of the public sector. In its own words "open government data is a public good, which must be delivered with a purpose, in a proactive manner and with a focus on reuse, in line with user needs and its potential contribution to the joint creation of value". In this sense, he has developed a series of indicators to evaluate the digital transformation of countries, based on 6 key dimensions:

The OURdata index: a way to measure the availability, accessibility and reuse of government data

The OURdata index, which evaluates the progress and challenges of open government data policies using 3 pillars, is based on this theoretical framework:

1. Data Availability: measures the degree to which governments have adopted and implemented official requirements to promote open government data at the central level.
2. Data Accessibility: measures the availability of formal requirements designed to promote unrestricted access to data.
3. Government support for data reuse: measures the extent to which governments are playing a proactive role in promoting the reuse of government data within and outside of government.

These pillars are summarized in the table below: 

The results of the OURdata 2019 index

The latest edition of the OURdata index published by the OECD is 2019. This report compares the results obtained with those of 2017, with the aim of finding out the state of maturity of the countries analyzed in order to promote improvements that will increase data flows.

The 2019 results show general improvements in all countries. Most countries have adopted the "open by default" approach, including formal requirements not only in the open data strategies, but also in laws and regulations. In addition, more and more governments are enabling their open data portals as communication and feedback tools. These portals are not intended to be mere "data catalogs" but rather platforms to foster innovative, collaborative and knowledge-sharing practices.

Despite these improvements, however, there are still areas for improvement at the general level. More sustainable, long-term approaches are needed, with more defined governance frameworks. There is also a need to boost the training of public officials and encourage high-level political commitment to help recognize the value of data. It is therefore necessary to focus not only on supply, but to put in place mechanisms that stimulate demand and reuse.

In this regard, the report provides a series of recommendations to OECD governments:

• Ensure political support for open data and establish enabling environments to sustain implementation efforts over the long term.
• Build a common approach with a focus on sustainable development and gender issues, among other areas.
• Create Open Government Data portals by adopting an "Open by Default" and "Government as a Platform" approach.
• Ensure that data publication is proactive, timely, and understandable to both humans and machines (using metadata, common standards, etc.), as well as addressing quality issues and biases in data collection and generation.
• Maintain practices that ensure the publication of high-value data taxonomies and their integration across different sectors, driving greater social, government and business innovation.
• Ensure open data policies and establish governance frameworks that facilitate data monitoring and are aligned with data protection regulations In this sense, the OECD has developed a framework for public sector data governance that includes good practices to be followed based on strategic, tactical and data availability components, detailed in its report The Path to Becoming a Data-Driven Public Sector.
• Establish federated models that facilitate data discovery, while maintaining the right levels of autonomy at the local level, and ensure quality at the central level.
• Make the necessary arrangements to enable the delivery of public value through open data in order to maintain and multiply its benefits and impact.
• Maintain efforts that aim to promote the reuse of open government data outside the public sector, as well as its real-time integration into the value chain of relevant actors (e.g., through APIs).
• Increase measurement efforts focused on understanding the effects of data reuse within the public sector.

Spain's position

In the 2019 index, Spain is in eighth position, above the average of the countries analyzed, although with a slight decrease compared to 2017. The indicator where our country scores best is in data accessibility. Among other issues, the report highlights as a good practice the creation of the series of reports "Emerging Technologies and Open Data", which helps the reader to understand how different disruptive technologies work, what the role of (open) data is in them and what their impact on our society will be. Currently available are the volumes dedicated to Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing.

The OECD is already working on the next edition of the index, which is expected to be released in 2021. We will then be able to analyze whether countries have followed the recommendations of this body and have promoted improvements in their open data policies.

Virtual assistants, purchase prediction algorithms or fraud detection systems. We all interact every day with Artificial Intelligence technologies.

Although there is still a lot of development ahead, the current Artificial Intelligence impact in our lives cannot be denied. When we talk about Artificial Intelligence (or AI) we don't mean humanoid-looking robots that think like us, but rather a succession of algorithms that help us extract value from large volumes of data in an agile and efficient way, facilitating automatic decision making. These algorithms need to be trained with quality data so that their behaviour adapts to our social context rules.

Currently, Artificial Intelligence has a high impact on the business value chain, and affects many of the decisions taken not only by companies but also by individuals. Therefore, it is essential that the data they use are not biased and respect human rights and democratic values.

The European Union and the governments of the different countries are promoting policies in this regard. To help them in this process, the OECD has developed a series of minimum principles that AI systems should comply with. These principles are a series of practical and flexible standards that can stand the test of time in a constantly evolving field. These standards are not legally binding, but they seek to influence international standards and function as the basis of the different laws.

The OECD principles on Artificial Intelligence are based on the recommendations developed by a working group composed of 50 expert AI members, including representatives of governments and business communities, as well as civil, academic and scientific society. These recommendations were adopted on May 22, 2019 by OECD member countries.

These recommendations identify five complementary values-based for the responsible stewardship of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI should benefit people and the planet by driving inclusive growth, sustainable development and well-being.
2. AI systems should be designed in a way that respects the rule of law, human rights, democratic values and diversity, and they should include appropriate safeguards – for example, enabling human intervention where necessary – to ensure a fair and just society.
3. There should be transparency and responsible disclosure around AI systems to ensure that people understand AI-based outcomes and can challenge them.
4. AI systems must function in a robust, secure and safe way throughout their life cycles and potential risks should be continually assessed and managed.
5. Organisations and individuals developing, deploying or operating AI systems should be held accountable for their proper functioning in line with the above principles.

Consistent with these principles, the OECD also provides five recommendations to governments:

• Facilitate public and private investment in research & development to spur innovation in trustworthy AI.
• Foster accessible AI ecosystems with digital infrastructure and technologies and mechanisms to share data and knowledge.
• Ensure a policy environment that will open the way to deployment of trustworthy AI systems.
• Empower people with the skills for AI and support workers for a fair transition.
• Co-operate across borders and sectors to progress on responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI.

These recommendations are a first step towards the achievement of responsible Artificial Intelligence. Among its next steps, the OECD contemplates the development of the AI ​​Policy Observatory, which will be responsible for providing guidance on metrics, policies and good practices in order to help implement the principles indicated above, something fundamental if we want to move beyond the theoretical to practice scope.

Governments can take these recommendations as a basis and develop their own policies, which will facilitate the homogeneity of Artificial Intelligence systems and ensure that their behaviour respects the basic principles of coexistence.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has published the results of the second edition of the Open-Useful-Reusable Data Index ( OURData Index), developed to support member countries of this organization in promoting Open data policies.

Spain continues to lead in the development of open data policies, thanks to the work that has been done in the promotion of open data from the public sector and in the strategy focused on open and transparent government. The 2017 OECD index puts Spain in 6th position, behind Korea, France, Japan, Britain and Mexico and ahead of the United States, Canada, Germany and Norway. Specifically, this Open Data OURdata 2017 index (Open Useful Reusable Government Data Index) analyses and measures 140 indicators concerning three fundamental pillars: data availability, accessibility thereof and government support for reuse.

This second edition of the OURData Index has been reinforced by incorporating the principles of the International Open Data Charter, as detailed in the section that describes the methodology . This index is part of the Government at a Glance 2017 report which provides the latest data available on public administrations in the 35 OECD countries and also includes data on Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Lithuania, Russia and South Africa. In the Open Government chapter, the OECD addresses strategies and objectives in open government, human resource coordination and management, monitoring and evaluation of open government strategies, citizen participation in policymaking, and open government data.

Among other conclusions, it highlights the fact that in 2017 about 50% of the OECD countries (17 of 35 countries) have adopted a national policy of open government. The new OURData Index "shows that countries have made great strides in opening government data using open reusable formats but can do more to encourage reuse among citizens and businesses". In that sense, it points out that the use of new technologies and new approaches, such as those based on behavioural sciences, can help to codify and co-produce services with citizens and improve the effectiveness of public policies.

While recognizing that open public policies are gaining momentum - examples include Hackathons to promote data reuse and training and briefings - this index advocates further evaluation. "Few countries evaluate - it states - whether open government initiatives achieve the desired economic, social, public sector productivity or accountability."

This edition includes new indicators and additional data sources, which allows a wider view of data of public administrations in OECD countries.

The main findings in the OUR Data Index according to the OECD itself are as follows:

• The reuse of Open Government Data (OGD) should be strengthened. Governments have made great efforts to create the formal requirements for dissemination of a large number of data sets in open, non-restrictive and reusable formats. However, few governments have taken an active approach to encourage reuse of data both inside and outside the public sector.
• Delayed implementation of open data policies and practices. Countries such as Czech Republic, Latvia, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia are lagging behind while Canada, France, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States are pioneers, especially in data availability and accessibility of central data portals.
• Most countries have created public platforms where users can play important role in completing the available data and improving its quality.
• Few countries closely follow the economic and social impact of open data, as well as the impact on productivity and efficiency of the public sector.

The OECD is examining how countries can promote productivity and effectiveness of data reuse policies. With more than 200 indicators in its report, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development offers data and ideas with which to understand and compare the policies of each country. Politicians, journalists, academics and the general public can analyse comparative tables by countries in detail and access a clear presentation of the data used to obtain a global overview. More information.

The conclusions of this new edition of the index, regarding the degree of implementation of open data policies in terms of reuse and impact, accessibility and availability, can contribute to the readjustment of public policies in those participating countries. Thus, in the case of Spain, particular emphasis should be placed on aspects related to the availability and accessibility of data, putting the focus on ensuring quality and prioritizing the provision of the data most in demand.

Finally it should be noted how politicians, journalists, academics and the general public can analyse raw data and comparative tables by country in detail, and perform analysis tailored to their needs. More information .

Open data  indexes and Barometers are intended to reflect the international ranking of countries in their implementation of open data policies. Although it is practically impossible to measure exactly the level of openness, there are certain initiatives that give an overview of the interest in open data in the different countries of the world. In recent months, some of these indexes have been published, which, although they value different aspects related to open data, have the same purpose. How many global indexes are currently being produced in the world on open data? Do they reflect different realities? What methodology do they employ? What countries are analyzed? In this article we provide a description of the four most important indexes and some of their peculiarities.

Open Data Barometer (ODB) – World Wide Web Foundation

On June 1 the latest Open Data Barometer, prepared annually by the World Wide Web Foundation since 2013, was published. The Open Data Barometer assesses the policies and practices of open data that are being developed by 115 countries worldwide. Specifically, the Web Foundation measures how Governments make their data available to their citizens based on three main sources of information: evaluation questionnaires completed by experts, government self-assessments and other data from international databases.

The ODB analyzes three blocks of indicators aimed at measuring the progress of open data initiatives, implementation of open data programs and impact of open data in business, politics and civil society. It also analyzes the existence and quality of 15 sets of key data at national level (from government budgets, the census, public spending and public transport timetables, to crime statistics, environment or public contracts ...), the data refresh rate, accessibility, possibility of reuse, whether free of charge, type of license, interoperability, and so on. In short, more than 150 researchers and government representatives who make possible the production of a report which includes a set of conclusions on the general state of the open data sector in the world.

Informe anual European Data Portal  

On March 4 - World Open Data Day - the European Public Data Portal released its annual report in which it analyzes the level of maturity of the open data ecosystem in Europe. In the second edition of the report, the portal evaluates 31 countries (the 28 members of the European Union plus Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein). According to this report, the state of open data across Europe has improved overall but it also highlights significant discrepancies between countries, as well as political, legal and technical barriers.

In order to identify the level of a country's maturity two blocks of indicators are set, aimed at measuring the maturity of open data throughout Europe: the availability of open data and the maturity of data portals. The first assesses a variety of  aspects of open data policies in each state and to what extent each country carries out actions to measure the social and economic impact of data reuse. The second analyzes the level of maturity of the open data portals, measures the usability of the platforms, as well as the ease of data reuse and data access.

Global Open Data Index (GODI) – Open Knowledge Foundation

The Global Open Data Index, better known as GODI, is produced by the Open Knowledge Foundation. On 15 June, OKF published its global index of open data for 2017 which analyzes 94 countries and territories in the world. Through this index ten categories of data are analyzed. To measure the openness of these ten data types, Open Data Index bases its rating on responses to a questionnaire that includes questions about the format, openness, update rate or periodicity of publication of the data. The scores for each of these are added to create a final ranking where the level of openness of each national dataset is also displayed. This collaborative  initiative is open to any citizen who wants to become a country analyst.

Índice OURData Index – OCDE

The OURData Index (Open, Useful, Government Re-usable Data) analyzes the situation of open data in 28 countries belonging to the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). The OECD OURData Index evaluates the efforts made by governments to implement open data in three critical areas: openness, usability and reuse of government data. The index data comes from member countries and focuses on government efforts to ensure the availability and accessibility of public sector data and to encourage greater reuse. The index is based on OECD methodology and the guidelines of the G8 OGD (Open Goverment Data) Charter. The OECD OGD analysis includes: business information, records, patent and trademark information, public bidding databases, geographic information, legal information, weather information, social data and transport information.

Experts point out that such studies should not be considered an accurate reflection of the real situation, because they are partial analyses selecting specific criteria and metrics, providing an incomplete picture of the open data ecosystem. Nonetheless, such indexes or rankings are useful for interested citizens, civil organizations and groups, and for politicians and data publishers. These rankings are especially helpful for those fields where open data is still an incipient subject.

Free and open access to data through the Web provides us the transformative potential to enable citizens to be fully involved in the democratic process, making governments and other development agents more efficient and foster the creation of new services that improve our lives. However, in order to make these potential benefits become a reality, first we should be able to implement an effective open data model.

It is on this point where it is essential to measure the different open data models and their progress, in order to understand which ones work best in different contexts. Our aim is not only to be able to measure the performance of the different initiatives, but improve our understanding of the theory and practice in open data, and its value chain.

Nevertheless, measuring the openness of data is not always an easy task. The evaluation of open data initiatives has been identified as one of the main challenges on the global agenda of open data. There are many ways to measure open data models from rankings to use cases through quantitative or qualitative metrics of the impact or performance of a given initiative. But the first question that arises is: what do we exactly want or have to measure?

Fortunately, the common framework for assessing open data, led by the international organization World Wide Web Foundation and the American institution The GovLab, defines a number of dimensions and components that should be present in such assessment, including:

• Context: including all the circumstances of the environment in which the data is published, including legal, organizational, political, technical, social and economic aspects.
• Data: analyzing the variety, quantity and quality of available data, including all general principles of open data, such as availability, update, usability, licensing, etc.
• Use: deepening on aspects such as who is using the data today? Why are they being used? Who may be being excluded? What goals have we set? What sectors are still the most successful?
• Impact: trying to measure the profit obtained by opening up data, including social, political or economic benefits in general or other more specific impacts in areas such as environment, innovation and inclusion.

On the basis of this framework multiple studies and analyzes have been built over time to assess the different dimensions of open data initiatives existing nowadays, so it will not be difficult to find one that fits our interests or needs.

Some of these studies, such as the Open Data Barometer conducted by the Web Foundation, cover with their analysis all dimensions indicated in the reference framework. Others focus on a specific subset, such as the OURdata Index of the OECD which only analyzes the data context and availability. In other cases, the analysis focuses on a specific dimension, such as the availability of data in the Open Data Index, the use of data in the Open Data Impact Map, or the impact of these initiatives in the Open Data's Impact. There are also more specialized studies in specific sectors, such as the Open Data Inventory which focuses on statistical data, or those within a single component that focus on certain aspects of the analysis, such as the Open Data Usability Index or the Open Data Accessibility Framework.

Finally there are also more comprehensive studies, especially in the field of Open Government, which also include in one way or another some aspects of open data in their analysis. Such is the case for example of the Open Government Index or the popular eGovernment survey of the United Nations.

The working group on measurement of open data initiatives of the International Open Data Charter continues to work on the definition of new methods to assess the implementation of its principles among countries adhered to the Charter. The mid-term aim will be to update the common framework for assessment of open data, resulting in a new, more complete version and fully aligned with these principles. This new framework will serve as reference for the assessment of all open data initiatives which uses the principles of the Charter in implementing their policies.

- Fomentar una cultura de intercambio de información en el sector público.

- Concienciar de las ventajas potenciales del Gobierno Abierto y de la reutilización de datos públicos.

- Garantizar que las informaciones que se ofrezcan sean de verdadero valor y utilidad para sus usuarios.

- Vincular estas iniciativas a las estrategias globales para su eficaz gestión y ejecución.